A quick note on the acoustics of nasal consonants

Recently, we barely scratched the surface of characterizing fricative phonemes. Now, how to characterize nasal consonants acoustically? A good answer to this question would require plenty of explanations. I suggest you to check on pages 487-514 of Acoustic Phonetics by Professor Kenneth Stevens. But I’ll provide you with some hints, anyway. Nasal consonants are sonorant phonemes, but they exhibit significant losses due to the nasal tract coupling. Further, nasal spectra is relatively very stable during the oral tract closure (there are minimum acoustic alterations). Typically, F1 is located near to 250 Hz, F2 is weak, and F3 is near to 2 kHz. Remember that for these phonemes the acoustic energy also transits the nasal cavities. Such nasal cavities have different frequency properties. But the oral tract, albeit closed, also alters the acoustic transfer function. This transfer function, for simple phonemes such as vowels, includes only poles. However, when the oral tract is closed, the acoustic transfer function also includes zeros. And that changes the output in a great deal. The location of the first spectral zero of nasal consonants depends on the point of oral closure (for instance, the point of closure for /m/ is more anterior than /n/’s).